ORAGANELLES

Organelles The cell membrane is an extremely important part of the cell. The animal and plant cells are held together by the cell membrane. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer containing proteins, cholesterol, and oligosaccharides. The cell membrane functions as a selective barrier for entry and exit of substances. Without the cell membrane then the cell would fall apart and there would be no more cells. Vacuoles are also important to a cell. Most mature plant cells have a central vacuole, which often takes up more than 90% of the cell. Without a vacuole than a cell would be a lot smaller than they are now, even though they are really small now. Vacuoles in plants can store waste products and break them down so the waste doesn’t harm the cell. The vacuoles also store different molecules a cell needs to survive. The vacuoles contain foods and oil. In a plant, when the vacuoles are full of water, then the plant stands straight up. When the plant’s vacuoles don’t contain a lot of water then the plant will wilt, because the cell wall is the only thing holding up the plant. Without the vacuoles then the cell could possibly burst from having too much water, or the cell could not get enough energy, because there would be no extra stored food. Plants would always be wilted, because there would be no vacuole full of water to hold the plant up straight. White blood cells consume bacterium and destroy it. When this takes place the white blood cell’s lysosomes do most of the work. They combine with the vesicle of engulfed material and release digestive enzymes to break up the material. Just like when a cell takes in molecules of food, the lysosomes break the food down into smaller and simpler products that the cell can use. If the lysosomes pick up a really bad intruder then they will eat it up and eject what is left of it out of the cell.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active Transport Since the cell membrane is somewhat permeable to sodium ions, simple diffusion would result in a net movement of sodium ions into the cell, until the concentrations on the two sides of the membrane became equal. Sodium actually does diffuse into the cell rather freely, but as fast as it does so, the cell actively pumps it out again, against the concentration difference. The mechanism by which the cell pumps the sodium ions out is called active transport. Active transport requires the expenditure of energy for the work done by the cell in moving molecules against a concentration gradient. Active transport enables a cell to maintain a lower concentration of sodium inside the cell, and also enables a cell to accumulate certain nutrient inside the cell at concentrations much higher than the extracellular concentrations. The exact mechanism of active transport is not known. It has been proposed that a carrier molecule is involved, which reacts chemically with the molecule that is to be actively transported. This forms a compound which is soluble in the lipid portion of the membrane and the carrier compound then moves through the membrane against the concentration gradient to the other side. The transported molecule is then released, and the carrier molecule diffuses back to the other side of the membrane where it picks up another molecule. This process requires energy, since work must done in transporting the molecule against a diffusion gradient. The energy is supplied in the form of ATP. The carrier molecules are thought to be integral proteins; proteins which span the plasma membrane. These proteins are specific for the molecules they transport. Chemiosmosis Populating the inner membrane of the mitochondrion are many copies of a protein complex called an ATP synthase, the enzyme that actually makes ATP! It works like an ion pump running in reverse.

DIABETES

Diabetes The full term for diabetes is actually Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes is a disease where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, the body’s sugar, used for energy. In people with diabetes, glucose levels build up in the blood and urine, causing excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism. In the United States, about 17 million people suffer from diabetes; it is the sixth leading cause of death by diseases. Diabetes is most common in adults over 45, or in people that are overweight or physically inactive. The highest count of people with diabetes is Native Americans. More women are diagnosed with the disease than men. In Diabetes, low insulin levels prevent cells from absorbing glucose. Because of this, glucose builds up in the blood. When this blood passes through the kidneys, they can’t absorb all of the excess glucose. The excess glucose then, spills into the urine. This triggers frequent need to go to the bathroom, greater thirst, and hunger. Additional symptoms may include: Dramatic weight loss, weakness, nausea, and blurred vision. Diabetes is classified in two types. Type one, usually called insulin dependent, the body produces too little insulin or none at all. Symptoms usually appear suddenly. Type one usually occurs in people under the age of twenty, usually around the age of puberty. Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease because the immune system attacks and destroys insulin producing cells. Type two diabetes is usually called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. This is when the body does produce insulin, but it can’t or won’t use it. Usually symptoms from type one diabetes are added upon in type two by: tiredness, skin sores that won’t heal, and tingling or numbness in the hands or feet. About ninety to ninety-five percent of Americans have type two diabetes.

CAMERA

The most important thing to photography is light. The camera is a precise instrument for capturing light. The word camera in Latin means room. The name camera comes from the first invention towards capturing the world on film, the camera obscura or dark room. This invention came about in the 14th century and was used by such artists as Da Vinci and Michelangelo to more accurately draw their subjects onto paper. The invention of this box, made way for more advancements in cameras and photography.

There are five essential items in cameras that make photography possible. They are exposure, refraction, plane of focus, angle of view and aperture. Exposure is the amount of time a camera lets film be exposed to light. Refraction is the bending of light through the lenses of a camera. Plane of focus is the area where light reforms an image in the film. Angle of view is the angle created on a lens when you take the two most outer points you can see through a lens and diverge them to the exact center of the lens. The angle created will be the angle at which the camera can take pictures at. Aperture is the amount of light a lens allows into the camera.

The camera obscura, as mentioned previously, was a large box or even a whole room. There would be a small hole in one side, where light could enter. It would be pitch black inside the box except for where the light shined though the hole. An artist would sit inside the box while the subject would sit between the hole and the light source. As light would travel through the hole, the hole would act as a lens. The artist could then trace the subject with greater accuracy than if done freehand. This also helped perspective come more easily to the artist.

FATHERS

The simple word father can conjure up many images and emotions. A father can be a warm and joyful memory, or a dark and dismal one. Two poets confront these memories in Sylvia Plath's poem "My father and husband "Daddy" and in the poem by Theodore Roethke "My Papa's Waltz". At the first look these might seem to be very similar, but upon further investigation it becomes clear that these two poems are more different than same. The two poets write about their fathers, and their childhood experiences with them. The two poems both focus on the subject of a father, but have significant differences with how and what each conveys to the reader. Plath poem relays a message or explanation of the awfull relationship she had with her father. She is explaining to us that her farther was more of a symbol, rather than a caring and loving man. In sharp contrast to Roethke's simple poem intends to bestow a warmth and joyfulness in remembrance of his father. He intends to show us his endearment of this hard working man he called papa. The two poets use all the poetical elements too express their personal view of a father. Each share the same subject but use individual styles of poem structure, language, rhyme, tone, situation, and speaker to express their opinions. These differences allow us as readers to understand the authors intent and main idea of each poem. The first obvious difference in each poem is the gender of the speaker. This difference may be reflected in the opinions and body of each poem. Sons have different experiences with a father than daughters do with their fathers. Sons and fathers most commonly share a much closer bond than fathers and daughters. This relationship may have had some bearing on the opinions and feeling of each speaker. Plath's relationship with her father may have been bad due to that lack of this gender bond.

MOTHERS

Mothers and daughters have been written about, criticized, publicized, condemned, and praised for a long time. As more and more material becomes available on mother-daughter relationships, it becomes apparent that being a mother and being a daughter means different things to different people depending on race, economics, social status and blood type. This paper will explore the meaning of being a mother and being a daughter by combining all of these independent variables. A definition of motherhood and daughterhood will be clearer, however, as experience will tell us, not everyone can be categorized, or even explained. In "Choosing Consciousness", Elizabeth Minnich describes mothers as: ".The people who take day-by-day care of children, the ones whose lives are intricately involved with their children, the ones who keep the children safe, who wrestle with their souls and fight with them and love them and try to heal them and give up on them and give in to them" (Minnich, 195). In her opinion, as well as many other authors we have read, a mother does not need to be blood related. She only needs to care for her child, be there for her child, and love her child. She is the dominant woman force in her child's life, influencing, teaching and setting an example for her child. This idea is reflected in other cultures as well. In black communities, especially, a mother is not necessarily one who gave birth to her daughter. She is the person who sets examples for the daughter and is there to help coach the daughter through the trials and tribulations of life. "Biological mothers or bloodmothers are expected to care for their children. But African and African-American communities have also recognized that vesting one person with full responsibility for mothering a child may not be wise if possible" (Collins, 47).

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are present in sugars, starch, acids, and in many other nutrients that consist elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Having a ratio of 1: 2: 1 or written as CH20. A monosaccharide meaning monomer of sugar is a "simple" carbohydrate. Containing backbone of five carbon atoms that are present in ribose and deoxyribose, components of RNA and DNA. Glucose a six carbon atom that is common cellulose, starch, and glycogen are classified as polysaccharide, Known as a "complex" carbohydrate, with straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers. These categories of carbohydrates are tested in two laboratory experiments. It will allow us (my partner and I) to detect the presence of sugar or starch. The first test, using two different solutions to expose the presence of sugar or starch by color alteration. I hypothesize that both samples of the experiment will result differently in order to pursue the next test. The second test consists of 9 food items, identifying the appearance of sugar or starch. I guess in identifying 75% out of the 9 items right. Conducting both experiments will test my hypotheses either right or wrong. The first experiment on ¡°simple¡± and ¡°complex¡± carbohydrates, several tools and liquids were obtained: two test tubes, spot plate, test tube holder, benedicts reagent, lugol's iodine, 10% karo syrup solution, 1% starch solution. In a test tube (holding it with a test tube holder,) my partner fills 1 cm from the bottom of 10% karo syrup solution. With the benedicts reagent I gently add four drops, then quickly placed the tube in 98 degrees of boiling water, at 3:17p.m. While waiting for 3 minutes, we noticed that before placing the tube in the boiling water, the benedict reagent in the 10% karo syrup was blue. After heating, we observed at 3:20 p.m. that the benedict solution activated and turned yellow.